Method and apparatus of recording data in the optical recording medium

ABSTRACT

A recording medium and apparatus and method for managing defective areas are discussed. According to an embodiment a controller determining whether or not to replace a defective block with a replacement block when a writing or reading data to or from the optical recording medium, based upon a data type to be written or read, and creating a defect list, the defect list including information to indicate whether or not the defective block is replaced with a replacement block; and a writing reading unit, coupled to the controller, to write or read the data to or from the optical recording medium and storing the defect list to a defect management area of the optical recording medium, according to a control of the controller.

This application is a Continuation of co-pending application Ser. No.11/601,781, filed on Nov. 20, 2006 which is a Continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 10,431,521 filed on May 8, 2003 (now U.S. Pat. No.7,139,935), which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.09/359,646 filed on Jul. 26, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,782,488. Theentire contents of each of these applications for which priority isclaimed under 35 U.S.C. §120 are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to an optical recording medium whichallows rewriting, and more particularly to a method and apparatus ofrecording data in the optical recording medium, wherein defect areas canbe managed.

2. Description of Related Art

An optical storage medium is generally divided into a read only memory(ROM), a write once read many (WORM) memory into which data can bewritten one time, and rewritable memories into which data can be writtenseveral times. Rewritable optical storage mediums, i.e. optical discs,include rewritable compact discs (CD-RW) and rewritable digitalversatile discs (DVD-RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RW).

The operations of writing and playing back data in a rewritable opticaldisc may be repeated. This repeated process alters the ratio of storagelayers for recording data into the optical disc from the initial ratio.Thus, the optical discs lose its characteristics and generate an errorduring recording/playback. This degradation is indicated as a defectivearea at the time of formatting, recording on or playing back from anoptical storage medium. Also, defective areas of a rewritable opticaldisc may be caused by a scratch on its surface, particles of dirt anddust, or errors during manufacture. Therefore, in order to preventwriting into or reading out of the defective area, management of suchdefective areas is necessary.

FIG. 1 shows a defect management area (DMA) in a lead-in area and alead-out area of the optical disc to manage a defect area. Particularly,the data area is divided into a plurality of zones for the defect areamanagement, where each zone is further divided into a user area and aspare area. The user area is where data actually written and the sparearea is used when a defect occurs in the user area.

There are four DMAs in one disc, e.g. DVD-RAM, two of which exist in thelead-in area and two exist in the lead-out area. Because managingdefective areas is important, the same contents are repeatedly recordedin all four DMAs to protect the data. Each DMA comprises two blocks of32 sectors, where one block comprises 16 sectors. The first block of theDMA, called a DDS/PDL block, includes a disc definition structure (DDS)and a primary defect list (PDL). The second block of the DMA, called anSDL block, includes a secondary defect list (SDL). The PDL correspondsto a primary defect data storage and the SDL corresponds to a secondarydefect data storage.

The PDL generally stores entries of defective sectors caused during themanufacture of the disc or identified when formatting a disc, namelyinitializing and re-initializing a disc. Each entry is composed of anentry type and a sector number corresponding to a defective sector. TheSDL lists defective areas in block units, thereby storing entries ofdefective blocks occurring after formatting or defective blocks whichcould not be stored in the PDL during the formatting. As shown in FIG.2, each SDL entry has an area for storing a sector number of the firstsector of a block having defective sectors, an area for storing a sectornumber of the first sector of a block replacing the defective block, andreserved areas.

Also, each SDL entry is assigned a value of 1 bit for forcedreassignment marking (FRM). A FRM bit value of 0 indicates that areplacement block is assigned and that the assigned block does not havea defect. A FRM bit value of 1 indicates that a replacement block hasnot been assigned or that the assigned replacement block has a defect.Thus, to record data in a defective block listed as a SDL entry, a newreplacement block must be found to record the data. Accordingly,defective areas, i.e. defective sectors or defective blocks, within thedata area are replaced with normal or non-defective sectors or blocks bya slipping replacement algorithm and a linear replacement algorithm.

The slipping replacement is utilized when a defective area or sector isrecorded in the PDL. As shown in FIG. 3A, if defective sectors m and n,corresponding to sectors in the user area, are recorded in the PDL, suchdefective sectors are skipped to the next available sector. By replacingthe defective sectors by subsequent sectors, data is written to a normalsector. As a result, the user area into which data is written slips andoccupies the spare area in the amount equivalent to the skippeddefective sectors.

The linear replacement is utilized when a defective block is recorded inthe SDL or when a defective block is found during playback. As shown inFIG. 3B, if defective blocks m and n, corresponding to blocks in eitherthe user or spare area, are recorded on the SDL, such defective blocksare replaced by normal blocks in the spare area and the data to berecorded in the defective block are recorded in an assigned spare area.To achieve the replacement, a physical sector number (PSN) assigned to adefective block remains, while a logical sector number (LSN) is moved tothe replacement block along with the data to be recorded. Linearreplacement is effective for non real-time processing of data. Forconvenience, a data which does not require real time processing ishereinafter called a personal computer (PC)-data.

If a replacement block listed in the SDL is found to be defective, adirect pointer method is applied to the SDL listing. According to thedirect pointer method, the defective replacement block is replaced witha new replacement block and the SDL entry of the defective replacementblock is modified into a sector number of the first sector of the newreplacement block.

FIG. 4A shows a procedure to manage a defective block found whilewriting or reading data into or from the user area. FIGS. 4B-4D showembodiments of SDL entries generated according to the linear replacementalgorithm. Each SDL entry has, in order, a FRM, a sector number of thefirst sector of the defective block, and a sector number of the firstsector of the replacement block.

For example, if the SDL entry is (1, blkA, 0) as shown in FIG. 4B, adefective block has been newly found during the reproduction and islisted in the SDL. This entry indicates that a defect occurs in blockblkA and that there is no replacement block. The SDL entry is used toprevent data from being written into the defective block in the nextrecording. Thus, during the next recording, the defective block blkA isassigned a replacement block according to the linear replacement.

An SDL entry of (0, blkA, blkE), shown in FIG. 4C, indicates that theassigned replacement block blkE has no defect and data to be writteninto the defective block blkA in the user area is written into thereplacement block blkE in the spare area. An SDL entry of (1, blkA,blkE) shown in FIG. 4D, indicates that a defect occurs in thereplacement block blkE of the spare area which replaced the defectiveblock blkA of the user area. In such case, a new replacement block isassigned according to the direct pointer method.

FIG. 5 is a partial diagram of an optical disc recording/playback (R/P)device relating to the recording operation. The optical disc (R/P)device includes an optical pickup to write data into and playback datafrom the optical disc; a servo unit controlling the optical pickup tomaintain a certain distance between an object lens of the optical pickupand the optical disc, and to maintain a constant track; a data processoreither processing and transferring the input data to the optical pickup,or receiving and processing the data reproduced through the opticalpickup; an interface transmitting and receiving data to and from anexternal host; and a micro processor controlling the components. Theinterface of the optical disc R/P apparatus is coupled to a host such asa PC, and communicates commands and data with the host.

If there is data to be recorded in an optical disc R/P apparatus, thehost sends a recording command to the optical disc RIP apparatus. Therecording command comprises a logical block address (LBA) designating arecording location and a transfer length indicating a size of the data.Subsequently, the host sends the data to be recorded to the optical discRIP apparatus. Once the data to be written onto an optical disc isreceived, the optical disc R/P apparatus writes the data starting fromthe designated LBA. At this time, the optical disc R/P apparatus doesnot write the data into areas having by referring to the PDL and SDLwhich indicate defects of the optical disc.

Referring back to FIG. 4A, the optical disc R/P apparatus skips physicalsectors listed in the PDL and replaces the physical blocks listed in theSDL, within the area between A and B, with assigned replacement blocksin the spare area during the recording. If a defective block not listedin the SDL or a block prone to an error is found during the recording orplayback, the optical disc R/P apparatus considers such blocks asdefective blocks. As a result, optical disc R/P apparatus searches for areplacement block in the spare area to rewrite the data corresponding tothe defective block and lists the first sector's number of the defectiveblock and the first sector's number of the replacement block at the SDLentry.

To perform the linear replacement, namely to write the data into theassigned replacement block in the spare area when finding a defectiveblock (listed or not listed in the SDL), the optical disc R/P apparatusmust move the optical pickup from the user area to the spare area andthen back to the user area. Because moving the optical pickup may taketime, a linear replacement interferes a real time recording.

Thus, defect area management methods for real time recording, such asaudio visual apparatus, have been extensively discussed. One method isto use a skipping algorithm where a defective block is skipped and datais written into the next normal block, similarly to the slippingreplacement algorithm. If this algorithm is employed, the optical pickupdoes not need to be moved to the spare area whenever a defective blockis found, such that the time needed for moving the optical pickup can bereduced and the interference with the real time recording can beremoved.

For example, if the PC-data which does not require real time processing,as shown in FIG. 4A, is received when the SDL is used, the linearreplacement algorithm is executed upon finding defective blocks blkA andblkB. If the received data requires real time, as shown in the areabetween B and C of FIG. 4A, the skipping algorithm is used upon findingdefective block blkC. Namely, the linear replacement is not performed.For linear replacement, the PSN of the defective block is maintained asis and the LSN of the defective block is moved to the replacement block.For the skipping algorithm, both the LSN and PSN of the defective blockblkC are maintained as they are.

Accordingly, when the host reads the data recorded according to theskipping algorithm, the microprocessor transmits all data including dataof defective blocks through the interface. However, the host cannotidentify the data of the skipped defective block since it does not haveinformation regarding the skipped defective blocks, resulting in anincorrect playback of the data. Therefore, the microprocessor of theoptical disc R/P apparatus must instruct the optical pickup not to readthe data of defective blocks among the data playback from the opticaldisc and transmitted to the host. Here, the information regarding thedefective blocks, as shown in FIGS. 4B˜4D, remains in the SDL and themicrocomputer may transmit the information to the host, on request.

The SDL is information on defective blocks with respect to the linearreplacement algorithm. However, the microprocessor cannot discriminateinformation recorded with respect to linear replacement from informationrecorded with respect to skipping algorithm not performing the linearreplacement. Consequently, if skipping algorithm has been used, themicroprocessor may transmit incorrect information to the host. Likewise,the host cannot identify the data of skipped defective blocks, resultingin an erroneous playback of data.

Moreover, because of the size of the spare may not be sufficient, thespare area may become full while the DMA has redundant areas for listingdefective blocks at the PDL or SDL entries. If the spare area is full, aspare full flag in the DMA is set. The spare area may become full priorto the DMA when the initial allocation of spare area is insufficient orwhen the available spare area is quickly reduced due to defects,particularly burst defects occurring in the spare area. Because it isdesirable to increase the recording capacity of the optical disc, amethod of further reducing the size of the spare area has beenconsidered. In such case, however, there is a higher possibility thatthe spare area will become full prior to the DMA.

Consequently, if the optical disc R/P apparatus finds a defective blockthat is not listed in the SDL or is listed in the SDL but requires a newreplacement block as shown in FIGS. 4B˜4D while recording or playingback data, it checks the spare full flag of the DMA. If the spare fullflag is in a reset state which indicates that available spare areasremain, the apparatus records the data of the defective block in areplacement block in the spare area and lists a new SDL entry ormodifies the existing SDL entry. On the other hand, if the spare fullflag is in a set state, which indicates that the spare area is full, alinear replacement cannot be executed even if the DMA has redundantarea. If the linear replacement cannot be executed when necessary, themanagement of defective area cannot be maintained. As a result, the disccannot be used.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to solve at least theproblems and disadvantages of the related art.

An object of the present invention is to provide an optical disc and adefect management method for managing defect of the optical discaccording to whether a replacement block has been assigned.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a data recordingmethod and apparatus which discriminately store and manage informationon defective blocks within the optical disc according whether areplacement block has been assigned.

Still another object of the present invention is to provide an opticaldisc, a defect management method for managing defect of such opticaldisc, and data recording method and apparatus for storing information ondefective blocks according to whether linear replacement is performed.

A further object of the present invention is to provide an optical disc,a defect management method for managing defect of such optical disc, anddata recording method and apparatus for storing information on defectiveblocks without application of linear replacement if there is noavailable replacement area.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide an opticaldisc, a defect management method for managing defect of such opticaldisc, and data recording method and apparatus for discriminately storinginformation on defective blocks skipped for real time processing orskipped due to a full spare area, and information on defective blocksrelated to linear replacement algorithm.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide an opticaldisc, a defect management method for managing defect of such opticaldisc, and data recording method and apparatus for discriminately storinginformation on defective blocks listed at SDL entries by givingidentification information to the SDL entries according to whetherlinear replacement is performed.

Additional advantages, objects, and features of the invention will beset forth in part in the description which follows and in part willbecome apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art uponexamination of the following or may be learned from practice of theinvention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realizedand attained as particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

To achieve the objects and in accordance with the purposes of theinvention, as embodied and broadly described herein, an optical disc hasa DMA for managing defects and comprises an area for recordingidentification information in the DMA. The identification informationallows discrimination between when a replacement block has been assignedaccording to a linear replacement algorithm and when a replacement blockis not assigned. The area for recording the identification informationis assigned in a reserved area of a SDL entry in the DMA. Theidentification information indicates that a defective block was listedin the SDL either while data was recorded according to a skippingalgorithm or when a spare area was full.

A defect management method of an optical disc according to an embodimentof the present invention comprises determining whether to assign areplacement block if a defective block is found during recording in theoptical disc; and storing information on the defective block and storingidentification information to discriminate a defective block with anassigned replacement block from a block without an assigned replacementblock, based upon the results of the determination.

Information regarding a replacement block is not stored during real timerecording. Also, information regarding a replacement block is notassigned when there is no available replacement area. The identificationinformation is stored at a secondary defect list in a defect managementarea together with the defective block information. Moreover, the forcedreassignment marking information is reset to 0. Furthermore, thedefective block information discriminated based upon the identificationinformation is notified to a host that transmits a recording command.

In another embodiment, a defect management method of an optical discaccording to the present invention comprises detectingexistence/non-existence of an available replacement area if a defectiveblock is found while recording the data in the optical disc; and storinginformation on the defective block and identification informationindicating that a replacement block is assigned if available replacementarea exists or a replacement block is not assigned if availablereplacement area does not exist. Available replacement block isdetermined not to exist if the data is recorded by skipping thedefective block. Also, available replacement block is determined not toexist if the spare area is full.

In still another embodiment, a data recording method of an optical disccomprises receiving data and information of areas where data will bewritten in the optical disc; reading defective area information of theoptical disc; detecting whether the defective area information covers adefective block that is found during the recording; detecting whether areplacement block is assigned to the defective block based upon theidentification information contained in the defective area informationif the found defective block is covered by the defective areainformation, and if a replacement block is assigned, writing the data inthe assigned replacement block and, if not, finding a new availablereplacement block to write the data therein; and determining whether thedefective block will be replaced with a replacement block if thedefective block is not covered by the defective area information, andstoring information on the defective block and the identificationinformation to discriminate if a replacement block is assigned to thedefective block in the defect management area of the disc based upon aresult of the determination. The identification information isrepresented with at least one bit of a reserved area at a secondarydefect list within the defect management area.

Moreover, a real time data recording method of an optical disc accordingto the present invention comprises receiving data and informationregarding the area where the data will be written in the optical disc;skipping a defective block and writing the data in a following normalblock if the defective block is found during the real time recording;and storing information regarding the skipped defective blockdiscriminately from information on a defective block replaced with areplacement block.

The identification information is set to indicate that the defectiveblock is not replaced with a replacement block. If the defective blockis found while recording the data by skipping defective blocks and ifinformation regarding a replacement block for the defective block islisted at a secondary defect list entry, the replacement blockinformation is maintained as is when the defective block information isstored.

Furthermore, an optical disc recording apparatus comprises a controllerdetecting a defective block and determining whether a replacement blockis assigned to the defective block while recording the data; an opticalpickup recording and playing back data in/from the optical discaccording to control of the controller; and a storage unit storinginformation regarding the defective block and identification informationto discriminate whether a replacement block is assigned to a defectiveblock.

The storage unit does not store the replacement block during real timerecording and represents this fact using the identification information.The storage unit also does not store the replacement block if there isno available replacement area and represents this fact using theidentification information.

These and other objects of the present application will become morereadily apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter.However, it should be understood that the detailed description andspecific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of theinvention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changesand modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention willbecome apparent to those skilled in the art from this detaileddescription.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ATTACHED DRAWINGS

The invention will be described in detail with reference to thefollowing drawings in which like reference numerals refer to likeelements wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a data area of a conventional optical disc;

FIG. 2 illustrates a structure of a conventional SDL entry;

FIG. 3A illustrates a conventional slipping replacement algorithm;

FIG. 3B illustrates a conventional linear replacement algorithm;

FIG. 4A illustrates a state of recording data according to the linearreplacement algorithm or skipping algorithm when using SDL in theconventional optical disc;

FIGS. 4B to 4D illustrate embodiments of SDL entries listing informationregarding defective blocks occurring when recording or playing back dataaccording to the linear replacement algorithm;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a conventional optical discrecording/playback apparatus;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an optical disc recording/playbackapparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7A illustrates assigning identification information to an SDL entryaccording to an optical disc defect managing method of the presentinvention;

FIGS. 7B to 7D illustrate SDL entries discriminately listed whilerecording or playing back data according to the skipping algorithm andlinear replacement algorithm using the identification information;

FIGS. 8A and 8B are flow charts showing how defective area is managedusing the identification information of FIG. 7 according to anembodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 9 illustrates an SDL entry listed while recording or playing backdata according to the skipping algorithm after changing a definition ofFRM in the optical disc defect managing method according to anembodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of thepresent invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings. The present invention distinguishably lists informationregarding defective blocks in the SDL according to whether linearreplacement has been executed upon finding defective blocks whilerecording or playing back data in or from an optical disc. In oneembodiment, the present invention distinguishably lists such informationby assigning an identification information. In another embodiment, suchinformation is distinguishably listed by changing a part of the FRMdefinition.

In the first embodiment of the present invention, information indicatingwhether or not a corresponding defective block is listed while data isrecorded according to the linear replacement algorithm is written in areserved area in the SDL entry.

FIG. 6 shows an optical disc recording/playback apparatus according toan embodiment of the present invention comprising an optical pickup 602recording and playing back data to and from an optical disc 601; a servounit 603 controlling the optical pickup 602 to maintain a certaindistance from an object lens of the optical pickup 602 to the opticaldisc 601, and to maintain a specified track; a data processor 604processing the input data and transmitting the processed data to theoptical pickup 602; a DMA information storage unit 606 reading andstoring DMA information written in a DMA area of the optical disc viathe data processor 604; an interface 605 transmitting and receiving datato and from an external host 608; and a controller 607 detecting whethera defective block exists during recording/playback of data anddetermining whether a linear replacement has been executed to thedefective block. The interface 605 of the optical disc R/P apparatus iscoupled to the host 608, such as a PC, and communicates commands anddata with the host 608.

When a rewritable optical disc, for example a DVD-RAM, is inserted intothe apparatus of the present invention, the SDL and PDL entries listedin the DMA area of the optical disc 601 are stored in the DMAinformation storage unit 606 through the data processor 604 under thecontrol of the controller 607. At this time, the identificationinformation indicating whether linear replacement has been performedwith respect to a corresponding defective block is added into the DMAinformation stored in the DMA information storage unit 606.

For example, at least one bit of the reserved area in the existing SDLentry is assigned as the identification information (ID Info) bit. TheID Info bit is set to either a value of 1 or 0 to distinguish whetherthe linear replacement has been executed to the information listed inthe SDL. Namely, the linear replacement algorithm is not performed whenskipping algorithm is performed or when the spare area is full. In thepresent invention, the ID Info bit is called a linear replacementcontrol (LRC) bit and shown in, e.g., FIG. 7A.

Referring to FIG. 7A, each SDL entry comprises an LRC area, an area forstoring a sector number of the first sector of a block having defectivesectors, and an area for storing a sector number of the first sector ofa replacement block replacing the defective block. Because the LRC bithas a different meaning from the FRM bit, the FRM may also be includedin the SDL. However, in this embodiment of the present invention, theFRM bit is not used.

As shown in FIG. 7B, a LRC bit value of 0 in the SDL entry means thatthe SDL entry was made while recording the data according to the linearreplacement algorithm. As shown in FIG. 7C or 7D, a LRC bit value of 1means that the SDL entry was made while recording the data according tothe skipping algorithm rather than the linear replacement or while thespare area is full. When a defective block is found during recording ofdata according to the linear replacement algorithm, the datacorresponding to the defective block is recorded in a replacement blockand the LRC bit is reset to 0, provided that the spare area is not full.Otherwise, if the spare area is full, the linear replacement is notperformed and the LRC bit is set to 1. Also, when a defective block isfound while recording the data according to the skipping algorithm, thedefective block is skipped and the LRC bit of an SDL entry correspondingto the defective block is set to 1.

Once a predetermined time has passed, for example, during the recordingof data or after completing the recording, the controller 607 transmitsinformation regarding the defective blocks to the host. At such time,the controller 607 can detect whether or not the corresponding SDL entrywas made while recording the data according to the linear replacementalgorithm based upon the LRC bit, thereby being able to transmit thecorrect information to the host. Accordingly, the host can appropriatelycommand not to record/playback data in/from defective blocks listed inthe SDL.

The host may issue a write/read command in view of the defective blockslisted in the SDL. Namely, the host would command not to record orplayback data in or from defective blocks listed in the SDL. The opticaldisc R/P apparatus receives both the data and information of areas wheredata will be written in the optical disc, and reads the informationregarding defective areas of the optical disc. The optical disc R/Papparatus detects whether the defective area information covers adefective block that is found during the recording; and detects whethera replacement block is assigned to the defective block based upon theidentification information contained in the defective area informationif the found defective block is covered by the defective areainformation. If a replacement block is assigned, writing the data in theassigned replacement block is performed and, if not, finding a newavailable replacement block to write the data therein is performed. Theoptical disc R/P apparatus further determines whether the defectiveblock will be replaced with a replacement block if the defective blockis not covered by the defective area information, and stores informationon the defective block and the identification information todiscriminate if a replacement block is assigned to the defective blockin the defect management area of the disc based upon a result of thedetermination. The identification information is represented with atleast one bit of a reserved area at a secondary defect list within thedefect management area.

Thus, the optical disc R/P apparatus bypasses the defective blockslisted in the SDL while writing/reading the data. In such case, the LRCbit of SDL entry is set to 1 upon encountering a new defective block andlocation information of the defective block is entered. Sinceinformation regarding the replacement block is not necessary, theexisting value is kept as is or a value of 0 is entered

Alternatively, if the host issues a write/read command regardless of thedefective block information in the SDL, the controller 607 of theoptical disc R/P apparatus identifies the defective blocks listed in theSDL based upon the DMA information stored in the DMA information storageunit 606 during the data record/playback. If the read command is issued,whether a replacement block should be found can be determined based uponthe LRC bit of the SDL entry where the defective block is listed. If thewrite command is issued, the LRC bit of an existing entry may changedepending upon whether or not the linear replacement algorithm isperformed. Here, a newly found defective block is processed in the sameway as described above. For example, if a defective block listed in theSDL is found while recording data according to the skipping algorithm,the defective block is skipped and the LRC bit of the SDL entrycorresponding to the defective block is set to 1.

At this time, if the information regarding a replacement block iswritten in the area for storing the sector number of the first sector ofthe replacement block in the SDL entry, the information is maintained asis. For example, a SDL entry of (0, blkC, blkG) as shown in FIG. 7B,means that data was recorded according to the linear replacementalgorithm and a replacement block has been assigned. If such a SDL entryis met while recording data according to the skipping algorithm, thedefective block blkC is skipped and the SDL entry is modified into (1,blkC, blkG) as shown in FIG. 7C.

Thus, the SDL entry of (1, blkC, blkG) as show in FIG. 7C, means thatdata was recorded according to the skipping algorithm, a defect occurredin block blkC, and the information regarding the replacement block blkGis maintained but not used during the record/playback. A SDL entry of(1, blkC, 0) as shown in FIG. 7D, means that data was recorded accordingto the skipping algorithm and a new defective block blkC was found andentered. If such SDL entry is found while recording the data accordingto the skipping algorithm, the defective block blkC is skipped and theSDL entry is maintained as is.

If the information regarding the replacement block of the spare area,which was previously listed in the SDL entry according to the linearreplacement algorithm, is maintained in the SDL entry as it was whilerecording the data according to the skipping algorithm, the replacementblock information can be used in subsequent recordings. In other words,when writing data into such defective block listed in the SDL accordingto the linear replacement algorithm, if the replacement blockinformation does not exist, a replacement block for the defective blockmust be newly assigned to the spare area. However, if the informationregarding the replacement block is maintained, the location of thereplacement block previously assigned can be used as the newly assignedreplacement block.

For example, a block following the replacement block blkH, shown in FIG.4A, is assigned as the new replacement block. Since a replacement blockthat was previously assigned cannot be re-used, the available capacityof the optical disc is reduced, thereby decreasing the efficiency of theoptical disc. Therefore, if the replacement block information ismaintained even while recording data according to the skippingalgorithm, as described above, the replacement block previously assignedcan be re-used as is when writing data according to the linear algorithmin a subsequent recording, thereby increasing the efficiency of theoptical disc.

Specifically, if the information regarding the replacement block blkG,where data of the defective block blkC was written during the linearreplacement recording, is kept in the SDL entry during the real timerecording, the data of the defective block blkC is written not into anew replacement block in the spare area but into the replacement blockblkG, which has already been assigned, during the next linearreplacement recording.

Meanwhile, if a defective block requiring a new replacement block isfound during the record/playback using the linear replacement, but thereis no replacement block for the defective block, namely the spare areais full (provided the DMA has redundancy), the LRC bit value of the SDLentry is set to 1. At this time, a replacement block does not exist. Asa result, the replacement block information is not listed and thelocation information of the defective block is listed as shown in FIG.7D. If the spare full flag and the LRC bit is set to 1 during theplayback or recording, data of the defective block cannot be read anddata cannot be written in the defective block because the replacementblock for the defective block does not exist and the linear replacementcannot be executed.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are flow charts showing the above operations of theoptical disc R/P apparatus according to an embodiment of the presentinvention. If there is data to be recorded, the host inputs a writecommand and if there is playback of data, the host inputs a readcommand, via the interface of the optical disc R/P apparatus (800). Oncea write or read command is received from the host, the controller 607 ofthe optical disc R/P apparatus determines whether the input datarequires a real time recording/playback (802).

When the data is determined to require real time recording, theapparatus starts to write the data on a location of the LBA designatedby the host (804). A determination is made whether the writing of datais completed (806) and if a defective block is found when the writing ofdata is not completed (808), the defective block is skipped and the datais written in a next normal block (810). Information regarding theskipped defective block is entered in the SDL (812) and sent to the host(814). This information is entered in a way distinguishable from aninformation of a defective block found while performing the linearreplacement algorithm. Thus, the controller 607 can distinguish SDLentry made while recording data according to the skipping algorithm froma SDL entry made while recording data according to the linearreplacement algorithm. For this purpose, the LRC bit of the SDL is setto 1 and the location information of the defective block is entered inthe SDL entry.

The defective block found in step 808 may be a newly encountereddefective block or a block already listed in the SDL. If the defectiveblock is not listed in the SDL, the defective block is new and thelocation information regarding the defective block is listed in the SDLentry by setting the LRC bit to 1, such as (1, blkC, 0) shown in FIG.7D. If the defective block is listed in the SDL, the SDL is corrected bysetting the LRC bit to 1 and maintaining the information regarding thereplacement block, such as (1, blkC, blkG) shown in FIG. 7C. Suchprocedure is performed until the recording of data by the write commandof the host is completed. If the writing is completed (806), thecontroller 607 transmits a command execution report to the host (816).

When the data is determined to require real time playback, the apparatusstarts to read the data from a location of the LBA designated by thehost (804). As in the recording, a determination is made whether readingof data is completed (806). However, if a defective block is found whenthe reading of data is not completed (808), the defective block mayskipped, a partially correct data may be read from the defective blockor zero padding data may be returned (not shown in FIG. 8A). Informationregarding the skipped defective block is entered in the SDL (812) andsent to the host (814). Such procedure is performed until the playbackof data by the read command of the host is completed. If the reading iscompleted (806), the controller 607 transmits a command execution reportto the host (816).

During recording/playback, the controller 607 may send the informationregarding the defective block to the host in various ways. For example,the defective block information can be embedded in a header fortransmission to the host, or a new command allowing recognition of theskipped block can be generated and transmitted to the host, or thedefective block information may be transmitted together with the commandexecution report to the host after completing the recording/playback ofthe real time data.

If it is determined that the data to be recorded does not require realtime recording in step 802, namely the data is PC-data, the controller607 writes/reads the data starting on/from the LBA designated by thehost (820). If a read command is received, the playback is carried outstarting from the LBA designated by the host and if a write command isreceived, the recording is carried out starting from the LBA designatedby the host. When writing/reading of data is not completed (822) and ifa defective block is found (824), a determination is made whether thedefective block is listed in the SDL (826).

If the defective block is not listed in the SDL, a replacement blockfrom the spare area is assigned. Thus, the spare full flag is checked todetermine whether there are any available replacement blocks, i.e.whether the spare area is full (828). A spare full flag of 1 indicatesthat there are no available replacement blocks. If there are noavailable replacement blocks, the LRC information in the SDL is set to1, the location information of the defective block is listed and thelocation information of the replacement block is set to 0, such as (1,blkC, 0) shown in FIG. 7D (830). The information on defective block istransmitted to the host (832) and a report of an error in therecording/playback process is sent to the host (834).

If the spare area is not full during writing of data, a replacementblock is assigned and the data to be written in the defective block iswritten in the replacement block (836). Also, the location informationof the defective block and the replacement block is listed in the SDLand the LRC information in the SDL is set to 0, such as (0, blkC, blkG)shown in FIG. 7B (836). The information on defective block istransmitted to the host (838) and the process returns to step 820 torecord more data (840).

During reading of data, even if there are available replacement blocks,data cannot be read from the defective block. Accordingly, a report ofan error in the playback is sent to the host (840). However, theinformation on the defective block may be transmitted to the host forfuture use (838) and a replacement block may even be assigned for use inthe next recording (not shown). If a replacement block is assigned, thelocation information of the defective block and the replacement block islisted in the SDL and the LRC information in the SDL is set to 0 in step836.

If the defective block is listed in the SDL, a further determination ismade whether a replacement block has been assigned (842). Namely, if theLRC bit is 0, the SDL entry was made previously while recording/playbackof data according to the linear replacement algorithm. Thus, therecording/playback is continued according to the linear replacementalgorithm (844) and the process returns to step 820 for morerecording/playback of data. In other words, if a replacement block isassigned to the SDL entry, the optical pickup is moved to thereplacement block and the data is written/read in/from the replacementblock. If the LRC bit of the SDL entry is 1 and a replacement block islisted, such as (1, blkC, blkG) shown in FIG. 7C, the listed replacementblock is used to perform the linear replacement and the LRC bit iscorrected to 0, making the SDL entry to (0, blkC, blkG) shown in FIG.7B.

If the assigned replacement block is defective, a new replacement blockmay be assigned according to the direct pointer method and the data isthen written/read in/from the assigned replacement block. However, ifthe spare area becomes full prior to the DMA and there is no replacementblock to be assigned, the location information of the defective block ofthe SDL entry is maintained and the LRC bit is changed into 1, such as(1, blkC, 0) shown in FIG. 7D, indicating not to execute the linearreplacement.

If a replacement block has not been assigned in the SDL entry, the sparefull flag is checked to determine whether there are any availablereplacement blocks (846). Namely, if the LRC bit of the SDL entry is setto 1, the SDL entry may have been made while data was written/readaccording to the skipping algorithm or while the spare area was full.Accordingly, if there are no available replacement blocks, i.e. thespare area is full, a report of a write/read error in therecording/playback process is sent to the host (834). However, whenformatting an optical disc whose spare area is full, the SDL may bemoved to the PDL depending upon the formatting method, such that thespare area may no longer be full. In any case, if the spare area is notfull, the process is the same as when the spare area is not full fordefective blocks not listed in the SDL (836-840).

The above procedure for non real time data is carried out until therecording/playback of data by the writing/reading command of the host iscompleted. If the writing/reading is completed, the controller 607 sendsa command execution report to the host (848). Here, the controller 607sends the information regarding the skipped defective block to the hostin the various methods as described above with reference to FIG. 8A,step 816.

In a second embodiment of the present invention, the definition of theFRM is changed to distinguish a linear replacement from a skippingreplacement. If a defective block blkC is found while recording dataaccording to the skipping algorithm in real time, the SDL entry islisted as (0, blkC, 0) shown in FIG. 9. At this time, a replacementblock is not needed, so the information regarding the replacement blockin the spare area is not changed or is listed as 0. Only the definitionof the FRM changes.

For example, if FRM and the replacement block are both 0, it is modifiedto be recognized as indicating a defective block found while performingthe skipping algorithm or as indicating an assigned replacement blockrather than a defective case of performing the linear replacement. Thisis because the defective block, even if found during the real timerecording, is skipped and a replacement block for the defective blockdoes not exist in the spare area. In addition, this aims atdistinguishing the SDL entry listed according to the skipping algorithmfrom the SDL entry listed according to the linear replacement algorithm.Even under the condition that the area between B and C in FIG. 4A waslisted according to the linear replacement algorithm and the defectiveblock information such as (0, blkC, blkG) was kept as the SDL entry, ifthe area is used for rewriting according to the skipping algorithm, theSDL entry is modified into (0, blkC, 0).

In sum, the present invention has the following advantages. Primarily,since the controller can detect existence/non-existence of the linearreplacement based upon the LRC bit assigned to each SDL entry, theoptical disc R/P apparatus (namely, a drive) can transmit the correctinformation to the host. Accordingly, even if incorrect data of skippedblocks, namely previous data written in the skipped blocks is reproducedby the optical disc R/P apparatus and transmitted to the host during thereproduction of data, the host discards the data of the skipped blocksand reads only the data of normal blocks based upon the defective blockinformation received from the controller. In other words, the presentinvention can prevent an error occurring when the host does not know theinformation regarding the skipped blocks.

Also, even if a defective block listed in the SDL is found whilecarrying out the playback command from the host, the controller candistinctly determine whether to find a replacement block or to discardthe defective block and return only an error message to the host.Finally, when a defective block requiring a new replacement block isfound while recording or playing back data under while the spare area isfull, instead of carrying out the linear replacement, the LRC bit is setin the SDL entry along with the location information of the defectiveblock to indicate that the corresponding SDL entry was made when thespare area was full, whereby the data is not written in the defectiveblock or data of the defective block is not read when rewriting orreproducing the data afterwards. Consequently, the present inventionallows efficient management over the disc and increases durability ofthe disc.

The foregoing embodiments are merely exemplary and are not to beconstrued as limiting the present invention. The present teachings canbe readily applied to other types of apparatuses. The description of thepresent invention is intended to be illustrative, and not to limit thescope of the claims. Many alternatives, modifications, and variationswill be apparent to those skilled in the art.

1. An apparatus for managing defective blocks of an optical recordingmedium, comprising: a controller determining whether or not to replace adefective block with a replacement block when a writing or reading ofdata to or from the optical recording medium, based upon a data type tobe written or read, and creating a defect list, the defect listincluding indication information to indicate whether or not thedefective block is replaced with a replacement block; and awriting/reading unit, coupled to the controller, to write or read thedata to or from the optical recording medium and storing the defect listto a defect management area of the optical recording medium, accordingto a control of the controller.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein thecontroller controls the writing/reading unit so that the defective blockis not replaced with a replacement block when a real time writing orreading, while controls the writing/reading unit so that the defectiveblock is replaced with a replacement block when a non real time writingor reading.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the controller createsthe indication information to indicate that the defective block is notreplaced with a replacement block when real time writing or readingwhile creates the indication information to indicate that the defectiveblock is replaced with a replacement block when non real time writing orreading.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller creates thedefect list further including first position information specifying thedefective block and second position information specifying a replacementblock, the defect list including the indication information to indicatethat the defective block is not replaced with a replacement block, firstposition information specifying the defective block and second positioninformation specifying a replacement block, if the data type is realtime data, the second position information being without a designatedvalue.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the controller creates thedefect list further including first position information specifying thedefective block and second position information specifying a replacementblock, the defect list including the indication information to indicatethat the defective block is replaced with a replacement block, firstposition information specifying the defective block and second positioninformation specifying an available replacement block, if the data typeis non real time data.
 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein thecontroller further determines if there is an available spare blockwithin a spare area of the optical recording medium, when the data isnon real time data, and the controller assigns a replacement block tothe defective block if there is the available spare block, controls thewriting/reading unit to write data to the replacement block assigned tothe defective block, and creates the detect list including indicationinformation to indicate that the defective block is replaced with areplacement block, the first position information specifying thedefective block and the second position information specifying thereplacement block assigned to the defective block.
 7. An apparatus forrecording data, said recording apparatus comprising: a storage unitstoring a defect list, the defect list including first positioninformation specifying defective block, second position informationspecifying replacement block for the defective block, the secondposition information having a valid or not valid value, andidentification information indicating whether or not the defective blockis replaced with a replacement block, the indication information beingset based upon a type of data written or read; a controller determiningwhether to write or read data to or from a replacement block assigned tothe defective block based on the defect list stored in the storage unit;and an optical pickup for writing or reading data to or from an opticalrecording medium according to a control of the controller.
 8. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the controller determines to read datafrom the replacement block assigned to the defective block if theindication information is replaced with the replacement block.
 9. Theapparatus of claim 7, wherein the controller assigns a new replacementblock for the defective block if the indication information is notreplaced with the replacement block and the second position informationdoes not have the valid value, and controls the optical pickup to writedata to the new replacement block.
 10. An apparatus for managing adefective area in a recording medium, comprising: a controllerdiscriminating whether or not data to be written or read is real timedata, controlling a recording or reproducing operation such that adefective area is not replaced with a spare area if the data is realtime data, while the defective area is replaced with the spare area ifthe data is not real time and if a spare block to replace the defectivearea exists in the spare area based on status information to indicatewhether or not the spare area is full, and creating a defect list inresponse to the recording or reproducing operation, the defect listincluding indication information to indicate whether or not thedefective area is replaced, the indication information being setdepending upon the recording or reproducing operation regarding thedefective area; and a writing/reading unit, coupled to the controller,writing or reading the data according to the control of the controller.11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the controller creates the defectlist including first position information specifying the defective areaand second position information specifying the spare block, and controlsthe writing/reading unit to write the defect list at a specific area ofthe recording medium.
 12. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein thecontroller sets the indication information to a value to indicate thatthe defective area is not replaced with the spare area if the data isreal time data.
 13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the controllersets the indication information to a value to indicate that thedefective area is replaced with the spare area if the data is not realtime data.
 14. An apparatus for managing a defective block, comprising:a writing/reading unit to write or read data to or from a recordingmedium; and a controller, operatively coupled to the writing/readingunit, to control the writing or reading operation of data, thecontroller controls the writing/reading unit to skip a defective blockand to write the data in a normal block following the defective blockwhen a real time recording, and creates a defect list for the defectiveblock, the defect list including first position information specifyingthe defective block, second position information specifying a spareblock, the second position information being without a valid value, andindication information indicating that the defective block is notreplaced with a spare block, wherein the writing/reading unit writes thedefect list to a defect management area of the recording medium,according to the control of the controller.
 15. The apparatus of claim14, wherein the controller creates the defect list including firstposition information including first position information specifying thedefective block, second position information specifying a spare blockwith valid value, and indication information indicating that thedefective block is replaced with a spare block, when non real timerecording.
 16. An apparatus for recording or reading data to or from arecording medium, said apparatus comprising: a pickup for writing orreading data to or from the recording medium; and a controller forcontrolling a recording or reading operation such that a defective blockis replaced with a spare block of a spare area of the recording mediumor the defective block is not replaced with a spare block of the sparearea, based upon whether data to be written or read is real time data ornon real time data, the controller controls the pickup to write or readthe defective block to or from an available spare block if the data isnon real time data, while controls the pickup to not replace thedefective block with a spare block or controls the pickup to not move tothe spare area regarding the defective block if the data is real timedata.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the controller creates adefect list including an indication information to indicate whether thedefective block is replaced with the spare block, and controls thepickup to write the defect list to a specific area of the recordingmedium, wherein the controller sets the indication information to firstvalue indicating that the defective block is replaced with the availablespare block if the data is non real time data while sets the indicationinformation to second value indicating that the defective block is notreplaced with a spare block if the data is real time data.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 17, wherein the defect list further includes firstposition information specifying the defective block and second positioninformation specifying the spare block, the controller creates thedefect list including the indication information with the first value,first position information specifying the defective block and secondposition information specifying the available spare block if the data isnon real time data, while creates the defect list including theindication information with the second value, first position informationspecifying the defective block and second position information notspecifying an available spare block if the data is real time data. 19.An apparatus for managing a defective area of a recording medium,characterized by checking whether or not a data type to be written orread is real time data and/or whether or not a spare block of a sparearea remains, and determining whether or not to replace a defectiveblock with a spare block within the spare area of the recording medium,based upon a checking result, wherein it is determined to not replacethe defective block with a spare block within the spare area if data isreal time data.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, further characterized byrecording a defect list at a specific area of the recording medium, thedefect list including indication information indicating whether or notthe defective block is replaced with a spare block, based upon a resultof said determination.
 21. The apparatus of claim 20, wherein theindication information is set to first value to indicate that thedefective block is not replaced, if the data is real time data.
 22. Theapparatus of claim 19, wherein it is further determined to not replacethe defective block with a spare block, if there is no an availablespare block within the spare area.
 23. The apparatus of claim 19,wherein it is determined to replace the defective block with a spareblock, if the data is non-real time data.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23,wherein the apparatus further checks whether there is an available spareblock within the spare area for the defective block prior to thedetermination of the replacement, if the data is non-real time data. 25.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein it is determined to replace thedefective block with a spare block if the data is non-real time data andthere is a spare block within the spare area for the defective block,and wherein the indication information is set to first value to indicatethat the defective block is replaced with a spare block.